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Europe

United Kingdom

Points-based post-Brexit system with strong skilled worker and graduate routes.

Skilled Worker visa fee
£769 – £1,519 (per year)
Immigration Health Surcharge
£1,035 / year (adult)
ILR after
5 years (most routes)
Citizenship after ILR
12 months

Why United Kingdom?

Since 2021, the UK operates a points-based system that applies equally to EU and non-EU nationals. The Skilled Worker visa is the workhorse for employer-sponsored migration, while the Graduate Route offers 2–3 years of unsponsored post-study work. Salary thresholds rose sharply in April 2024 (to £38,700 for most Skilled Worker applicants), reshaping the landscape for new applicants.

How the immigration system works

UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI), part of the Home Office, manages all immigration. Most categories require a sponsor licence held by a UK employer (Skilled Worker, Senior or Specialist Worker), a UK educational institution (Student visa), or a UK family member (family routes). Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) is typically available after 5 years of continuous residence; British citizenship follows after a further 12 months.

Who United Kingdom is best for

  • Skilled workers in shortage occupations or earning £38,700+
  • Senior intra-company transferees (no salary threshold cliff)
  • Recent graduates of UK universities
  • Spouses and partners of British citizens / settled persons
  • High-net-worth individuals via Innovator Founder

Visa pathways

6 pathways into United Kingdom

Each pathway has its own eligibility, documents, processing time and cost. Tap any pathway to read its full deep-dive guide.

Real-world examples

If this sounds like you…

Pakistani software engineer with UK job offer at £45,000

Salary above £38,700 threshold, role on eligible occupation list. Skilled Worker visa for 5 years, leading to ILR in 2029.

Skilled Worker → ILR after 5 years

Nigerian master's student at a UK university

1-year MSc, full tuition paid, 28-day-seasoned funds for living costs. Eligible for Student visa then 2-year Graduate route to find a sponsored role.

Student → Graduate Route → Skilled Worker

Australian on working holiday wanting to settle long-term

Youth Mobility Scheme (up to age 35 for Australians since 2024) gives 3 years. Switching to Skilled Worker requires meeting salary threshold with a sponsor.

Youth Mobility → Skilled Worker

FAQ

Frequently asked questions about United Kingdom

How much do I need to earn for a Skilled Worker visa?

Generally £38,700 since April 2024, or the going rate for the occupation if higher. £30,960 applies to Immigration Salary List roles and PhD-level roles in shortage.

Can my dependants join me?

Yes for Skilled Worker, but no longer for most Student route applicants (dependants are restricted to research postgraduates and government-sponsored students since January 2024).

How does ILR work?

After 5 years of continuous residence on most work routes (with no more than 180 days outside the UK in any 12-month period), pass the Life in the UK test and English B1+ to apply for Indefinite Leave to Remain.

Is the Graduate Route still available?

Yes — confirmed to continue following the 2024 Migration Advisory Committee review. It remains 2 years (3 for PhD), and time does not count toward ILR.

What is the Immigration Health Surcharge?

An upfront NHS access fee charged per year of visa: £1,035 for adults, £776 for students and under-18s, paid as part of the application.

Can I switch from Student to Skilled Worker?

Yes, once you've completed your course, provided you have a CoS from a licensed sponsor and meet the salary/role requirements.

Do I need a sponsor for every UK work visa?

Most yes — Skilled Worker, Senior or Specialist Worker, Health and Care Worker, Scale-up. Exceptions: Global Talent, High Potential Individual, Innovator Founder, Youth Mobility, Graduate.

When can I apply for British citizenship?

Generally 12 months after receiving ILR (immediately for spouses of British citizens), subject to good character, residence and English/Life in the UK tests.

Has the UK ETA replaced visitor visas?

Only for nationals who were previously visa-exempt. Visa-required nationals still apply for a Standard Visitor visa.

Official government resources

Verify before you apply

Immigration rules change frequently. Always confirm the latest requirements on the official portal.

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