Income thresholds, taxes, family rules and path to residency across Europe's biggest nomad programs.
Income thresholds at a glance
Portugal D8: ~€3,480/month (4x minimum wage). Spain DNV: ~€2,762/month (200% of SMI). Estonia DNV: €4,500/month gross. Greece DNV: €3,500/month, +20% spouse, +15% per child.
Spain and Portugal allow either employment or self-employment income; Estonia and Greece require remote work for non-local employers/clients.
Taxes and residency
Portugal's NHR 2.0 (IFICI) replaces the legacy regime and is narrower — most nomads now fall under standard PIT after 183 days.
Spain's Beckham regime offers a flat 24% on Spanish-source income up to €600k for up to 6 years and pairs well with the DNV.
Path to permanent residency
Portugal: 5 years to PR/citizenship (counted from application date under recent reforms).
Spain: 5 years to PR, 10 years to citizenship (2 years for Ibero-American nationals).
Greece: 5 years to long-term residence. Estonia: DNV does not count toward Estonian PR.
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